Journal: Phytotherapy Research

Article Title: Cannabidiol inhibits SARS‐Cov ‐2 spike (S) protein‐induced cytotoxicity and inflammation through a PPARγ ‐dependent TLR4 / NLRP3 /Caspase‐1 signaling suppression in Caco‐2 cell line

doi: 10.1002/ptr.7302

Figure Lengend Snippet: Synoptic framework showing the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) alone or in the presence of PPAR‐γ antagonist GW9662 (9 nM) on electric resistance, FITC–dextran flux leakage, and barrier integrity of Caco‐2 cells exposed to spike protein (SP). (a) Time course of transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) changes; (b) cell permeability measured by FITC–dextran flux leakage after 24 h of treatment; (c) immunofluorescent staining showing occludin (green) and zonula occludens‐1 (ZO‐1) (red) co‐expression after 24 h of treatment, and (d) relative occludin and ZO‐1 quantification by relative fluorescence units (RFU). Immunofluorescent staining showing occludin (green) and ZO‐1 (red) co‐expression after 24 h of treatment. Nuclei were stained by 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI). Magnification 20× (scale bar = 25 μm). Results are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) of n = 4 experiments performed in triplicate. *** p < 0.001, ** p < 0.01, and * p < 0.05, respectively, versus vehicle; °°° p < 0.001, °° p < 0.01, and ° p < 0.05, respectively, versus SP 10 ng/ml [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com ]

Article Snippet: All the technical support instruments, reagents, and materials for transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) (Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany), electrophoresis, and western blot analysis were obtained from Bio‐Rad (Bio‐Rad Laboratories, Milan, Italy).

Techniques: Permeability, Staining, Expressing, Fluorescence, Standard Deviation